Principles of Scholarly Communication Coursework

Principles of Scholarly Communication - Coursework Example This research even focused on identifying the preference of these family members regarding their presence while their loved one is recovering. The researchers identified that family members gave preference of being available with the patient after he/she has recovered from the accident and they did not want to be present when the patient was being treated in the recovery room. 2. The main difference between a website and the scholarly dataset is the articles that are published and stored in these mediums. The articles that are published on scholarly websites are authored by professionals and experts from a particular field and the articles that are published by a website can be authored by any individual. Furthermore the articles that are in the scholarly databases are hard to comprehend for the general population and are targeted towards professionals from the field such as nursing articles are more likely to be understood by nursing students. In case of websites, the articles are authored in such a way so that any individual can read and understand them. Those websites are considered as credible that are managed by the government or educational institutes. The websites that are managed by the government mostly comprises of content that has been collected by the government itself. Furthermore, if the content of the website comes with an author’s n ame, the website is even considered credible (Uknowit.uwgb.edu, 2015). Hung, M. S. Y., & Pang, S. M. C. (January 01, 2011). Family presence preference when patients are receiving resuscitation in an accident and emergency department. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 67, 1,

Succesion Planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Succesion Planning - Essay Example Instead, companies should take time in studying the competencies and personality characteristics of individual employees. This will help in clarifying the roles of each job level. However, such studies are costly and time consuming to most organization; hence they are done in a hurry and incorrectly. The second disadvantage is the cloning syndrome, where managers in the organization tend to pick people like them. The replica of the incumbent is a great mistake as an organization seeks a new direction. Thirdly, the focus is narrowed in succession planning. Succession planning limits leaders in an organization to focus internally on prospective employees who can join the managerial team. Candidates outside the company with great potential are not considered. In most companies, the candidates chosen are those direct to top leaders. They are viewed as having the required potential. This boosts career development for the internal employees but does not fulfill the company’s best in terests. In most circumstances, when filling a managerial post, an external candidate would be the best to bring along new skills to the team. Fourthly, it can have negative effects on motivation. Succession planning if not handle carefully can be disastrous to the organization. Other employees may conclude those selected are favored. The outcome will be lack of motivation among the rest of the workforce. Fifth, it may result in family rivalries. In small organization run by family members, it can be tough when making succession plans. In most cases, if an individual child is favored by the parents, the rest will oppose and this results in disastrous effect. This is because it can bring down the organization. Sixth, succession planning can cause organizational structure changes. Succession planning sometimes happens before the organization gains its stability. Leaders will be forced to alter and develop organizations to be able to tackle current business challenges. In

Social and cultural marketing Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Social and cultural marketing - Coursework Example Non- profit organization make good use of societal marketing as they ensure they incorporate public activities as well as public relations in their marketing strategies. Marketing for non-profit organizations The type of marketing employed by non-profit organizations should put into consideration the needs of consumers as well as those of donors. Marketing for non-profit organizations does not only entail making sales or obtaining donations from sponsors but also satisfying the needs of both the donors and consumers (Da Cunha, 1990 p 218). Social marketing is a practice which involves influencing of human behaviors to change their attitudes regarding a certain social issue. This can be achieved through application of marketing principles that will ensure the society benefits rather than ensuring commercial profit for the organization (Ethics Based Marketing, 2011 p 2). Social marketing can therefore be defined as application of principles of commercial marketing to social programs th at are related to health and human services. The main aim of social marketing is therefore to encourage changes in behavior in individuals so as to bring about change in society and not for the purpose of generating profits within non-profit organizations. ... It will also contribute to development of interventions that integrate the needs of the target audience with those of sponsors. Marketing for non-profit organizations should be used for social change. Social marketing can be applied so as to provide an approach that can be used to curb a social issue by creating societal awareness and change in attitudes among individuals (Pride and Ferrell, 1985 p 327). These changes will in turn translate into various mechanisms that act as guidelines regarding behavior that is acceptable or not acceptable within a society therefore reducing the level of acceptance of certain social marketing issues. Background Alcoholism is a problem that is faced in most countries and it has negative effects on various sectors such as health, society as well as economy. Alcohol is widely consumed in the UK and the consumption rates are seen to fluctuate with situations of economic downfalls and prosperity (Ashley, 1982 p 870). Over the recent years, focus has inc reased on the patterns of drinking, levels of alcohol consumption as well as contribution of excessive consumption of alcohol to acute health problems and long- term effects. Patterns of drinking involve various aspects of drinking such as the time and place where drinking occurs, individual characteristics of a person who drinks, the types of drinks that are frequently consumed as well as drinking behaviors and norms that form a drinking culture (Jernigan 2008 p 39). Alcohol is commonly associated with events in UK as it is frequently consumed in cultural and religious functions, business and social functions as well as in most recreational functions. For many individuals in the

Contemporary Issues Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Contemporary Issues Portfolio - Essay Example Some recently published organisational studies and other market research surveys also justify the promotion of ethics and social responsibility in business. In order for promoting ethics and social responsibility in the organisational environment, today most of the companies perform community based services and publish a corporate sustainability report periodically. These concepts are of greater importance in online business sector too. This paper will analyse the contemporary ethical and social responsibility challenges Facebook is facing and how the organisation is addresses those problems. Managing ethics and social responsibility Business ethics and social responsibility are two broad and interconnected terms which play a significant role in determining the level of reputation of an organisation. The concept of business ethics represents a set of principles and standards that make an organisation’s business conducts acceptable to its different groups of stakeholders. †Å"Business ethics is defined as rules of business conduct by which the rightness/proprietary of the business operations/activities may be assessed or judged† (Prasad 2005, p.426). ... In a business context, stakeholder groups including customers, government, competitors, general public, and other interest groups determine the acceptability of behaviour. The collapse of Enron, one of the biggest ethical disasters in the 21st century, is a good example of how unethical business practices may affect an organisation (Trevino & Nelson 2010, p.3). Ken Lay and Jeff Skilling, the former CEO’s of Enron, intentionally tried to deceive the firm’s stakeholders by hiding the actual state of financial affairs of the company. Evidently, it is necessary to promote and manage business ethics in an organisational environment. For this purpose, primarily the management should foster ethical behaviour among its employees. Setting business goals and periodical performance appraisal are effective strategies to manage business ethics successfully. Another important thing is that the organisation has to develop well defined codes of business ethics and decision rules. In th e area of online business, managing business ethics is becoming a complex task because internet based illegal and unethical practices like password theft are increasing each day. Therefore, online marketers have to give specific focus to the promotion of business ethics. Social responsibility is an ethical ideology that obliges business organisations to make notable contributions to the overall welfare of the society rather than focusing only on profit maximisation efforts. â€Å"Social responsibility is a management philosophy that includes contributing resources to the community, preserving the natural environment, and developing or participating in non-profit programmes designed to promote the

Issues in accounting for R&D investment - a perspective from the Dissertation

Issues in accounting for R&D investment - a perspective from the pharmaceutical industry - Dissertation Example The companies operating in the pharmaceutical industry spend millions of dollars each year in the research and development expenditure so that they are able to devise new methods and medicine that are able to cure and provide sustenance to the human body from deadly diseases. From the financial perspective, the research and development expenditure forms an integral part of the financial statements of any pharmaceutical company. Over the years, a debate has been going between the financial managers and the economists regarding the fact pertaining to the accounting treatment of the research and development expenditure in the financial statements of the pharmaceutical companies. ... This particular, in addition to providing a brief historical background of the R&D accounting treatments, highlights the following main R&D accounting issues and their most prudent accounting treatment in the financial statements of a pharmaceutical company: Goodwill accounting during merger and acquisition transaction between multinational Exchange of intangible assets with continuing involvement Upfront payments to conduct research with access to the research Payments made to conduct research Upfront payments received to conduct development: Interim recognition Upfront payments received to conduct development: Completion Donation payment for research Loans received to fund research and development purposes Segmental reporting of internal research and development Treatment of development supplies Advertising and promotional expenditure Accounting for the cost of free samples Line extension development costs The paper also presents the linkage between the research and development exp enditure and financial viability. For this purpose the last three financial years of AsteraZeneca is used. Introduction The top of the worldwide pharmaceutical market is the US and it is expected to hit almost $345 billion in 2014. The second largest market is the Japanese market and then the European market including Germany France, and Chinese market (Market line industry guide, 2012). However, the International Federation of Pharmaceutical Wholesalers (IFPW) shows that growth rates in developed and developing markets based on their capability to recover from the economic crisis is significantly inconsistent. According to the research of Urch Publishing (2012), the global pharmaceutical industry in 2014 is expected to be worth over $1 trillion with a 5% compound annual growth

New Venture Creation and Business Planning Essay

New Venture Creation and Business Planning - Essay Example Particularly, cash flow forecast indicates Tea Infusions will sustain cash reserves of  £0.18 million at the end of Year 1 of operations. This is achieved by keeping labour costs low, procuring cost-effective raw product from China, and the high mark-up rate on finished product compared to raw materials costs. The business anticipates long-term profitability and will have substantial retained earnings throughout the first year of operations to pay salaries to executives and employees working in the organisation. Payback of all start-up capital will occur within Year 2 of operations. The business is proactive in identifying potential risks, including information technology failures, equipment failures and issues with supplier competency in delivering timely and fresh products. The company, to explore all potential risks, will be creating a steering committee that reports directly to the Board of Directors as a means of establishing a competent and well-developed risk management system. Tea Infusions recognises that there is a gap in the market for distributing Chinese teas with limited suppliers selling foreign teas. In Brighton, on the Southern coast of England, there are 480,000 citizens that are not being serviced with different Chinese tea products. In the UK as a whole, there is a substantial increase in the population of Asians and the Asian tea culture has gained popularity in the country in recent years. Hence, this illustrates an opportunity to bring top quality Chinese teas to a market with demand for these products and where many rare Chinese teas are unfamiliar to consumer demographics. In Brighton area, rare teas include Dragon Well Tea (Long Jing Tea), Bi Luo Chun Tea, Keemun Black Tea and Ba Bao Tea. Common infusions which accompany a well-bodied cup of tea include the foreign goji berry, lyceum berry, and the red jujube, each with a sense of mystical intrigue and physical

Enhanced Reading Instructions Essay Example for Free

Enhanced Reading Instructions Essay Differentiated Instructional need of students makes it imperative for a teacher to plan out her instruction in small groups and separate reading centres to give students ample practice. Teachers form small flexible groups of students ,meeting twice or thrice a week for a specific time. The teacher draws up similar structure† to generate ideas, stimulate thinking, make plans and create a desire†. (Cited in Guiding writing and Observing Reading, p. 385). Teachers† find more opportunity to use their knowledge and skills more fully and effectively†. (cited in Making Instructional Decisions, p. 461). â€Å"Many use alternative strategies in   order to meet the special need of the students† (Modifying Lessons, p. 461) Alternative lesson structures recommends the use of at least two types of lesson structures. One Guided Reading and the other Skill Focused Lessons. It follows a pattern where the text is selected, introduced, read and discussed. In a Teacher- led- centre, â€Å"the option most favored today, centre on integrated curriculum, an effort to connect the language arts with other subject areas, often through themes. Integration is encouraged across all subject areas, including math â€Å". (Basal Readers and Instructional Materials, Chp13, p. 0) â€Å"Skill development and practice activities are often interspersed with creative enrichment ideas in the teacher’s guide. †(Chp13, p. 460) Students who need focused learning to become fluent and accurate in their usage, Skill Focused Lessons are planned out by a teacher, like †writing, talking,.. brainstorming role playing, doodling, drawing, cartooning, jotting own ideas, taking notes, interviewing and even forming mental images through visualization and graphic organizers. †(Guiding Writing and Observing Reading p. 385). Thus guidelines are set , which help enhance effective reading writing in a classroom. Reference http://www.fcrr.org/assessment/pdf/smallgroupalternativelessonstructures.pdf